WEG mixture with a flow rate of 151 liters/minute. Through a cold plate on the outside of each stator. This heat transfers out of the disk alternator Theĭisk alternator's overall efficiency is 89.3%, with total losses ofġ27 KW per alternator. Maximum output voltage is 1700 V (L-L) peak and current is 6400 A peak per phase. These magnets have a residual induction ofġ.05 T at 40 oC and create an average working air gap flux density of 0.976 T, with tooth flux densities approaching 1.7 T. Endspeed: 28-103 m/s Īt max speed, the output of one of the disk alternators would be 81.6 The need for higher payloadĮnergies will push the steam catapult to be a bigger, bulkier, and Major disadvantage is the present operational energy limit of the Intensive, inefficient (4-6%), and their availability is low. The steam catapults are also highly maintenance Large volume allocated to the steam catapult occupies "prime" realĮstate on the carrier. That adversely impacts the ship's stability and righting moment. Other drawbacks to the steam catapult include a high volume of 1133 m3 Here's an excerpt from a Naval Air Warfare Center paper on EMALS: The nose gear regularly transfers 4x the takeoff weight of the a/c into the rest of the fuselage. The fuselage and landing gear are much stronger to withstand carrier landings and launches. F/A-18's were built for 20 year service lives, 30 years with service life extensions. The Su-27SK is rated for 2,000 flight hours over 20 years. Historically, Soviet/Russian fighters fly much less. NATO fighters are typically designed for 30 year service lives (6,000 to 8,000 flight hours). Here an F/A-18 is dropped from 20ft (36 ft/s, 2200 fpm): I believe airliners average under 200 fpm (3 ft/s). CTOL fighters typically do about half that. )Īn F/A-18 touches down around 720 fpm (12 ft/s). ( Source: DoD photo by: PHAN KRISTOPHER WILSON, USN Date Shot. Landings are stressful (notice the fuselage skin wrinkling beneath the radome on this Hawkeye): That averages out to 230,000 lbf.Īccelerations average around 3 g's, peak around 4 g's. Each shot consumes up to 614 kg of steam piped from the reactor (NB: not the primary coolant loop). EMALS more finely controls launch forces (Max Peak-to-Mean Tow Force Ratio = 1.05), allowing it to launch smaller a/c (eg, smaller UAVs) and delivering a smoother ride that reduces airframe fatigue.Ĭurrent steam catapults deliver up to 95 MJ over 94 m. The EMALS stores 484 MJ in four 121 MJ alternators spinning at 6400 rpm. Steam/power settings are adjusted for each a/c type and T/O weight.
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